ICT as a mode of classroom delivery
Avoiding the ICT trap
Students encounter ICT in many areas of their lives and it is essential that we provide them with opportunities to explore the technology and encourage them to use it as a learning tool.
However it is important that teachers avoid the trap of using technology for the sake of it, or in order to check the technology box on their faculty registration sheet, or as an add-on to a lesson.
What the research tells us
Research indicates that to implement ICT successfully in their classrooms teachers must ...understand what visual literacy is and rethink what learning to read and write means in the 21st century. (Goodwyn et al 1997; Reid et al, 2002)
The research also indicates that ICT is most effective when embedded in the curriculum, and integrated into units of work (Dickinson, 1998). English teachers can maximize the impact of ICT in their classrooms by ensuring that they and their students use ICT as an integral part of lessons, present ideas dynamically, and use a range of media. (Becta, 2006). ICT should be integrated in such a way as to require purposeful application and meaningful engagement with the technology. For example:
while pupils are using a desk top publishing package to create a school newspaper they are also developing their ability to communicate more effectively. This provides both a context and a meaning for the ICT activity. Taking the IT out of context and teaching IT skills separately, not only decontextualises ICT but also places additional burdens on curriculum time. The use of ICT therefore should be a meaningful part of an activity where it is used to consolidate or extend pupils' learning. (Lewisham ICT Training for Teachers,2006)
To implement ICT successfully in their classrooms teachers also need to:
- identify how ICT can be used to meet specific objectives within the English curriculum to improve pupils attainment (Moseley et al,1999)
- understand that successful use of ICT depends on other factors such as pupils’ work in the classroom away from the computer, discussions between pupils and between pupils and their teacher, and the ways in which pupils interact with each other at the computer (Mc Cormick and Scrimshaw,2001 cited in Becta, 2005)
ICT and learning modalities: meeting student needs
Because of its interactive and dynamic nature, ICT has the potential to meet the needs of individual students by providing opportunities to direct their learning and to pursue information, or complete tasks, in ways which meet their own interests and needs. (Computer based technologies in English KLA, 1997, p6)
In particular the integration of technology into the English classroom represents a paradigm shift to acknowledge the importance of the emerging technological learning style which is increasingly becoming the fourth learning modality for students of the click and go generation.
These technological learners:
- are mechanically oriented
- know how to use technological tools without formal instruction
- enjoy using a video camera
- obtain much of their information electronically
- like integrated learning activities
- would like to learn everything via a computer
- spend much of their time on the computer or playing video games
- know how to work with and use new software and hardware
- interact and communicate with others via e-mail and/ or the internet
- understand how to integrate various technologies ( Coil, 1999)
Using ICT enables English teachers to tap into this learning style and the dominant youth culture. Many modern ICT texts can also be used as a starting point for the exploration of traditional texts (Smithson, 2005). For example, an interactive site such as the virtual tour of the Globe Theatre site allows us to bring Shakespeare’s world to life.
Using ICT as a classroom tool has many other benefits because ICT :
- provides highly motivational activities for students …Initially computer-based activities can provide stimulus to undertake tasks that students may otherwise avoid
- links to other learning and to real-world situations and experiences that reflect gender & cultural diversity
- increases opportunities for student interaction and decision making…This interactive process has the potential to cater for individual learning styles
- makes complex tasks more manageable …in some cases these activities require the development of new skills
- makes repetitive tasks more interesting
- illustrates complex processes or concepts
- provides access to resources…increases the need for students to develop critical thinking and effective information processing skills
(DET Computer Based Technologies in the English KLA, 1997, pps 6-7))
ICT also enables a representation of language as a symbolic system. Furthermore the use of well-designed ICT environments can help pupils grasp abstract concepts such as imagery, literary relations, and morphology. (Interactive Education, 2006).
The teacher as facilitator
ICT has many benefits for the classroom teacher. Using presentation software enables teachers to show ideas dynamically (Moseley et al 1999), and deliver content effectively. For example,
CD-ROMs make vivid multimedia worlds available and store large amounts of information … that teachers suddenly have at their fingertips.(McKnight (2002)
Most importantly however, the use of ICTs in the classroom signals a shift from the conventional position of power held by the teacher to a more collaborative approach to learning. Generally computer based activities allow the teacher to assume the role of facilitator whilst students take on an increasing responsibility for their own learning The use of computer-based technologies can shift the emphasis of activities away from the teacher and towards the students, enhance social interaction, (DET Computer Based Technologies in the English KLA,1997, pps8- 9), and be empowering especially for students with low traditional literacy skills (Interactive Education,2006)
Teachers can use a range of teaching tools such as discussion boards, forums, email, raps, web quests, video and digital photography, e movies, and even mobile phones as tools for delivery of class program. This opens reciprocal dialogue between members of the class community and may be extended to the school community at large through activities such as bloggs and wikis,( Kinzie, 2005, pB01)